Trombosis asociada a catéter venoso central neonatal: revisión narrativa de la bibliografía
Resumen
ANTECEDENTES: La aplicación de un catéter venoso central es una medida indispensable en las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales. Su uso se asocia con riesgo de trombosis, que es la causa principal de esta complicación en los neonatos.
OBJETIVO: Efectuar una revisión narrativa de la evidencia actual y la información disponible acerca de esta complicación, e identificar posibles focos de información para futuras investigaciones.
METODOLOGÍA: Búsqueda en diferentes bases de datos con los descriptores: coagulación sanguínea, trombosis, embolia y catéteres publicados en español e inglés. Se seleccionaron 36 artículos.
RESULTADOS: La trombosis asociada al catéter venoso central es una complicación vinculada con la colocación de un catéter en el lumen vascular. La incidencia y prevalencia mundial de esta complicación en neonatos ha sido poco estudiada debido, en parte, a la dificultad para estimar la gravedad del problema. Por lo general, los signos y síntomas dependen de la localización del trombo, a pesar de la variabilidad en el cuadro clínico y que la mayor parte de los trombos asociados con un catéter venoso central son silentes. Para el tratamiento se indican fibrinolíticos (urocinasa y la alteplasa).
CONCLUSIONES: Las complicaciones derivadas de la aplicación de catéteres venosos centrales, a pesar de ser una técnica común, no se han estudiado del todo y por eso su tratamiento en los neonatos no está estandarizado.
Citas
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